I am geekily interested in language, in words, and I took a
year-long course in Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) during graduate
school. This language underlies Modern
English (which the KJV and Shakespeare’s plays are written in and which we are
still modifying) and is akin to German and Dutch.
Folks were translating the Vulgate
(late 4th/early 5th century Latin) into Anglo-Saxon as early as the 7th
century AD, and one of the words they translated was the Latin word we
understand as Lord—Domine or Dominus.
You can see in that word the root of dominate. The word these ancient Anglo-Saxons used to
translate it was generally Driht (or Dryht) or Drihten, which meant the leader
of a people or an army. This word didn’t
survive the Norman invasion and modifications of the language that made Old
English into Middle English.
John Wyclif’s translation (with which he probably had some
help) was into Middle English in the 15th century. In that version the word is “lord” as it
continues to be into the KJV and Modern English
The Hebrew words translated “lord” are “the one who is” (Yahweh);
the ruler or master (‘adonay); ruler, superintendent, proprietor, husband,
owner (‘adown). The Greek word is primarily “owner, master, supreme being,
controller, decider” (kyrios). In the KJV and many subsequent translations,
Yahweh is translated as LORD, all caps. By the way, Howard Macy, a friend of mine who knows Hebrew (see more at http://howardmacy.com/), told me, "One of the understandings of this word is causative. That is, YHWH is the one who causes to be, who is the mover and shaker, etc....the God who makes things happen."
“Lord” comes from the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word
“hlaford.” This means loaf-keeper or loaf-guardian. The culture surrounding the
hlaford was the tribal culture of
these ancient Germanic people; extended family groups called sippes elected the most accomplished
warrior to be their hlaford; this
chief gathered warriors around him bound by ties of loyalty that included the
vow to die prior to their hlaford in
any battle. They would give their lives to protect him. In exchange, the hlaford hosted the band of warriors
(gave them bread) and distributed treasure gained from battles. The hlaford also prevented or mediated feuds
that developed between or within sippes.
As a bit of side information, the word “lady” comes from
Anglo-Saxon meaning “loaf-kneader”—which shows how language changes in
connotation and even denotation over time.
By the time the Bible was translated into modern English, “ladies” had little
to do with kneading bread.
My imagination is taken by the cultural issues of
translation. First, the original translation from Latin into Anglo-Saxon
emphasized the Lord of Hosts—the leader of a people. I think this helps us remember that we are part
of the hosts, the people, of whom God is the leader. The
military mindset of Anglo-Saxons may
trouble the peace-lovers among us, but we remember early Quakers
participating in the Lamb’s war rather than the English Civil War. We need to be so taken up with the business
of our leader that we don’t have time to kill each other over religion and
politics, separately or combined.
The other aspect that grabs my imagination is in the actual
etymology of “Lord”—the loaf guardian.
This reminds me of Jesus as the divine Loaf, the Bread of Life, who gave
his body for our redemption. As we gather, we expect our Lord to give us bread,
and as we “ingest” our savior, Jesus’s life and spirit transform us. Again, in
the heart of this word Lord is the loyalty of great warriors to the very best
warrior, the strongest, the most valiant, and the smartest one of all. We are
challenged to lay down our lives, to present our bodies as living sacrifices,
for the sake of our Lord.
Sources of information (besides Howard, of course):
Oxford English Dictionary http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/
Etymology: Old English hláford , once hláfweard
(Ps. civ. 17; Thorpe's ‘to hálf-wearde’ is a misprint: see note in
Greek-Wülck.), repr. a prehistoric form *hlaiƀward-
, < *hlaiƀ (Old English hláf ) bread, loaf n.1 + *ward (Old English weard
) keeper (see ward n.1).
In its primary sense the word (which is absent from the other Germanic
languages) denotes the head of a household in his relation to the servants and
dependents who ‘eat his bread’ (compare Old English hláf-ǽta,
lit. ‘bread-eater’, a servant); but it had already acquired a wider application
before the literary period of Old English The development of sense has been
largely influenced by the adoption of the word as the customary rendering of
Latin dominus.
3 comments:
Thanks for the etymological study. I love the study of word origins. (am old retired American literature teacher:-)
I love the study of all history for that matter. But the history of early Friends is troubling.
For in your article you said, "The military mindset of Anglo-Saxons may trouble the peace-lovers among us, but we remember early Quakers participating in the Lamb’s war rather than the English Civil War."
I used to think this until I read Quaker David Boulton's "Militant Seedbeds of Early Quakerism" at Quaker Universalist Voice where he says,
"Even Quakerism’s nursing-mother-superior Margaret Fell described the army as “the Battle-axe in the hand of the Lord”,
..Consider this message to Cromwell, signed “George Fox” and dated January 1658, where the Protector is lambasted for not carrying his military conquests into Europe and on to Rome itself—even to the Turkish empire:
“Oliver, hadst thou been faithful and thundered down the deceit, the Hollander had been thy subject and tributary, Germany had given up to have done thy will, and the Spaniard had quivered like a dry leaf wanting the virtue of God, the King of France should have bowed his neck under thee, the Pope should have withered as in winter, the Turk in all his fatness should have smoked, thou shouldst not have stood trifling about small things, but minded the work of the Lord as He began with thee at first … Let thy soldiers go forth… that thou may rock nations as a cradle.”
When the Rump fell and control reverted to the army and its Committee of Safety, the rush into the militias increased. Quaker Anthony Pearson set about recruiting an armed force from among Kendal and Lancaster Friends. Five Friends were named commissioners
Friends were particularly successful in making Quakers of the soldiers in Cromwell’s army of conquest in Ireland in 1655 and 1656...Many Quakers were also recruited in the army in Scotland. When Monck purged forty Quakers from his forces in 1657, none had been in the army less than seven years and the majority had service records of fourteen years, which means they had joined up at the beginning of the civil war and had remained soldiers during Cromwell’s military dictatorship.
Barry Reay finds evidence of Quaker recruitment in the army garrisons in York, Bristol, Holy Island and Berwick-upon-Tweed, Lancaster, Carlisle, Chester, Kent, Northamptonshire, Norfolk, Shrewsbury and London.
Quaker leaders like Francis Howgill, Edward Burrough and George Bishop actively supported direct resistance to the counter-revolution.
Very tragic, but the textural evidence seems to prove that early Quakerism was mostly pro-war.
Thank you, Daniel Wilcox, both for reading and for bringing historical fact to light that I didn't know. I knew that George Fox called magistrates to use their swords to terrorize evil-doers.
Beautiful. I was awakened to read this at 3:30a.m. Thank You...
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